Foundations of Data Systems

Scaling systems by adding more machines to handle increased load

Ensuring operations can be safely retried without unintended side effects

Controlling the rate of requests to protect systems from overload and ensure fair usage

A retry strategy that increases delay between retries exponentially to handle transient failures

Concurrency control mechanism that assumes conflicts are rare and handles them when they occur

Separating read and write operations for scalable and maintainable distributed systems

Storing application state as a sequence of immutable events for auditability and rebuilding state